The binary privative opposition is formed by a contrastive pair of members in which one member is characterized by the presence of a certain differential feature (mark) while the other member is characterized by the absence of this feature. The most important type of opposition is the binary privative opposition the other types of opposition are reducible (допускающие уменьшения) to the binary privative opposition By the number of members contrasted, oppositions were divided into binary (two members) and more than binary (ternary – триада, тройной, quaternary – четвертной, состоящий из четырех частей, etc). The main qualitative types of opposition were established in phonology: privative (b-d-g, p-t-k) gradual (постепенный) - (i:-i-e-a) and equipollent (равноценный) (bilabial) – (m-b). The oppositional theory was originally formulated as a phonological theory. The opposition along the line of one grammatical category is called an opposeme, e.g. The elements of the opposition must possess two types of features: common features and differential features.Ĭommon features serve as the basis of contrast, while differential features immediately express the function in question. The paradigmatic correlations of grammatical forms in a category are exposed by the so-called ‘grammatical oppositions’, boy – boys. The biggest paradigm of a language is its grammatical structure. Bigger paradigms after parts of speech are morphology and syntax. Parts of speech represent larger paradigms possessing particular paradigms of case, number (noun), degrees of comparison (adjective, adverb), tense, voice, mood, person (verb), etc. the paradigm of the word ‘man’ consists of 4 forms: Paradigms may be small and large, depending on the number of grammatical categories they express e.g. Paradigmatic relations cannot be directly observed in utterances. The ordered set of grammatical forms expressing a category constitutes a paradigm. The two planes are inseparably connected, so that no meaning can be realized without some material means of expression. The plane of content (plurality) comprises the purely semantic elements contained in the language while the plane of expression (boys) comprises the material (formal) units of the language. In other terms it presents a unity of content and expression. The most general notions reflecting the most general properties of phenomena are referred to in logic as ‘categorical notions’, or ‘categories’.Īs for the grammatical category itself, it presents a unity of form (i.e.
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